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Ruskiy Assistant​

(я)
(Ты)
(он/она/оно)
(Мы)
(Вы)
(Они)

[n. | gen sg. & nom/acc pl. of ]
[n. | inst sg. & dat pl.]
[n. | gen/dat/prep sg. & nom/acc pl. of]
[n. | gen/acc/prep pl.]



[adj. | masc. nom/acc inan sg.]

[adj. | masc/neut gen sg. & masc. acc anim sg.]

[adj. | masc/neut inst sg. & dat pl.]

[adj. | masc/neut prep sg.]

[adj. | masc/neut dat sg.]

[adj. | neut. nom/acc sg.]

[adj. | neut. nom/acc of ]

[adj. | fem. nom sg.]

[adj. | fem. acc sg.]

[adj. | fem. gen/dat/inst/prep sg.]

[adj. | nom/acc inan pl.]

[adj. | gen/acc anim/prep pl.]



[v. | imperative pf.]

[v. | future & imperative pf.]

[v. | indicative & imperative impf.]

PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE​


Present Active Participle ⇒ (они) form of the present tense ⇒ Remove the last -т ⇒ add -щ + adjective ending (-ий, -ая, -ее, -ие) + (if reflexive) -ся [читать → читают → читающий] [говорить → говорят → говорящий] [учи́ться → у́чатся → уча́щийся] [стара́ться → стара́ются → стара́ющийся]


[p. | active masc. nom/acc inan sg.]


[p. | active masc/neut gen sg. & masc. acc anim sg.]


[p. | active masc/neut inst sg. & dat pl.]


[p. | active masc/neut prep sg.]


[p. | active masc/neut dat sg.]


[p. | active neut. nom/acc sg.]


[p. | active neut. nom/acc of ]


[p. | active fem. nom. sg.]


[p. | active fem. acc sg.]


[p. | active fem. gen/dat/inst/prep sg.]


[p. | active nom/acc inan pl.]


[p. | active inst pl.]


[p. | active gen/acc anim/prep pl.]


PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE (IMPERFECTIVE)​


Past Active Participle ⇒ verb in the past tense ⇒ remove the -л ⇒ add -вш + adjective ending (-ий, -ая, -ее, -ие) + (if reflexive) -ся


if past tense stem ending on a fixed consonant ⇒ drop the -в ⇒ add only -ш + adjective ending (-ий, -ая, -ее, -ие) [нести → нёс → нёсший] [расти́ → рос → ро́сший]


  • я хотел помочь дрожавшему от холода нищему - I wanted to help a beggar shivering from the cold
  • челове́к, чита́вший кни́гу - person who was reading the book

[p. | past active impf. masc. nom/acc inan sg.]


[p. | past active impf. masc/neut gen sg. & masc. acc anim sg.]


[p. | past active impf. masc/neut inst sg. & dat pl.]


[p. | past active impf. masc/neut prep sg.]


[p. | past active impf. masc/neut dat sg.]


[p. | past active impf. neut. nom/acc sg.]


[p. | past active impf. neut. nom/acc of ]


[p. | past active impf. fem. nom. sg.]


[p. | past active impf. fem. acc sg.]


[p. | past active impf. fem. gen/dat/inst/prep sg.]


[p. | past active impf. nom/acc inan pl.]


[p. | past active impf. inst pl.]


[p. | past active impf. gen/acc anim/prep pl.]


PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE (PERFECTIVE)​


Past Active Participle ⇒ verb in the past tense ⇒ remove the -л ⇒ add -вш + adjective ending (-ий, -ая, -ее, -ие) + (if reflexive) -ся


if past tense stem ending on a fixed consonant ⇒ drop the -в ⇒ add only -ш + adjective ending (-ий -ая, -ее, -ие) [нести → нёс → нёсший] [расти́ → рос → ро́сший]


  • челове́к, прочита́вший кни́гу : person who had read the book
  • я встретил приятеля приехавшего из европы : I met a friend arrived/who came from Europe.

[p. | past active pf. masc. nom/acc inan sg.]


[p. | past active pf. masc/neut gen sg. & masc. acc anim sg.]


[p. | past active pf. masc/neut inst sg. & dat pl.]


[p. | past active pf. masc/neut prep sg.]


[p. | past active pf. masc/neut dat sg.]


[p. | past active pf. neut. nom/acc sg.]


[p. | past active pf. neut. nom/acc of ]


[p. | past active pf. fem. nom. sg.]


[p. | past active pf. fem. acc sg.]


[p. | past active pf. fem. gen/dat/inst/prep sg.]


[p. | past active pf. nom/acc inan pl.]


[p. | past active pf. inst pl.]


[p. | past active pf. gen/acc anim/prep pl.]




Present Passive Participle (Şimdiki zaman edilgen sıfat-fiilleri / ortaçları): Present passive participles sadece imperfective fiillerden türetilir, çünkü bu tür eylemler şu anda gerçekleşmekte veya tekrar tekrar gerçekleşmektedir. Bu ortaçın amacı, bir özne üzerinde gerçekleştirilen bir eylemi belirtmektir. Present passive particle, aktif “который” (which, that) yerine geçer ve ayrıca -able ile biten sıfatların İngilizce anlamlarına da sahip olabilir. Örneğin:


● Машина, производимая в России ⇒ Тhe car produced in Russia ⇒ Rusya’da üretilen araba ● Это необъяснимая загадка ⇒ It’s an inexplicable mystery ⇒ bu açıklanamayan bir gizem


  1. Regular Present Passive Participle ⇒ (Мы) form of the present tense + adjective ending (-ый, -ая, -ое, -ые) ● читать → мы читаем → читаемый → which is/are read, readable ⇒ okunuyor olan ● обходить → обходим → (не)обходимый → necessary, required, indispensable ⇒ gerekli, kaçınılmaz, vazgeçilmez olan ● люби́ть → лю́бим → люби́мый → who/which is/are loved, favorite, beloved ● цени́ть ****→ цéним → цени́мый → who, which is/are valued ⇒ değerli, değer veriliyor olan ● испы́тывать → испы́тываем → испы́тываемый → which is/are (being) tested ⇒ test ediliyor olan ● сжига́ть → сжига́ем → сжигáемый → which is/are (being) burnt, combustible ⇒ yanıyor olan ● тре́бовать → тре́буем → трéбуемый → which is/are (being) demanded, required, requisite, necessary ⇒ talep ediliyor olan, gerekli olan ● именова́ть → ****имену́ем → именýемый → which is/are (being) referred to, called, known as ⇒ bilinmekte olan, olarak adlandırılan
  2. Irregular Present Passive Participle ⇒ Verbs ending in -авать, -знавать, -ставать retain the suffix -ва + (Мы) form ending + adjective ending (-ий, -ая, -ее, -ие) + (if reflexive) -ся ● задавать → задаём → задаваемый → set, asked, assigned, specified, defined ⇒ sorulan, soruluyor olan ● признавать → признаём → признаваемый → which is acknowledged, acknowledgeable, recognized by ⇒ tanınan, kabul edilen, tanınıyor olan ● дава́ть → даём → давáемый → which is given/being given ⇒ verilen, veriliyor olan
  3. If the first person plural ends in -ём, this changes to -ом in the present passive participle + + adjective ending (-ий, -ая, -ее, -ие) Four verbs have the suffix -ом: ● вести → ведём → ведомый ● нести → несём → несомый ● искать → и́щем → искомый (sıfat olmuş) ● влечь → влечём → влекомый

Note: Many common verbs in –ЕРЕТЬ-, -ЗТЬ-, -ОТЬ-, -СТЬ, -УТЬ, and -ЧЬ and many monosyllabic verbs, such as бить (dövmek), брать (almak), есть (yemek), ждать (beklemek), знать (bilmek), звать (çağırmak), лить (dökmek), мыть (yıkamak), петь (şarkı söylemek), пить (içmek), etc. **do NOT have any present passive participle forms.


Present passive participles short forms** ⇒ Pasif ortaçlar normal uzun biçimli sıfatlar gibi kısalır. Ayrıca, kısa form sıfatlar gibi, aynı sonlara sahip olan ve ismin haline göre çekimlenmeyen kısa formları vardır.


********любить ⇒ || любим || любима || любимо || любимы ||


● Эта книга любима читателями. ⇒ This book is loved by readers. ⇒ Bu kitap okuyucular tarafından seviliyor.


The present passive participle is not normally used to form the passive voice of the verb. Instead, use either a reflexive verb in the present tense or the third person plural of the verb without они: ● Книга читается / читают книгу → A book is being read; ● Дом строится/ строят дом → A house is being built. ● Журнал, читаемый студентом. - The journal, that is read by a student.




[p. | passive masc. nom/acc inan sg.] [p. | passive masc/neut gen sg. & masc. acc anim sg.] [p. | passive masc/neut inst sg. & dat pl.] [p. | passive masc/neut prep sg.] [p. | passive masc/neut dat sg.]


[p. | passive neut. nom/acc sg.] [p. | passive neut. nom/acc of ]


[p. | passive fem. nom. sg.] [p. | passive fem. acc sg.] [p. | passive fem. gen/dat/inst/prep sg.]


[p. | passive nom/acc inan pl.] [p. | passive inst pl.] [p. | passive gen/acc anim/prep pl.]




Past passive participles (Geçmiş zaman edilgen sıfat-fiilleri / ortaçları): Sıfat-fiil, ortaç veya partisip; varlıkları belirttiği ya da nitelediği için sıfat ve ad gibi kullanılabilen, tümleç alarak yan önerme kurabildiği için eylem sayılan, eylem soylu sözcüktür. Fiillerin sonuna sıfat-fiil ekleri olan -en, -esi, -mez, -ar, -di(k), -di(ği), -ecek ve -miş getirilerek oluşturulur. Sıfat-fiiller kendinden sonraki kelimelerle birlikte sıfat tamlaması oluşturur. Adları hareket yönüyle nitelerler. Örneğin akacak kan damarda durmaz tümcesinde akacak, bunu söyleyen kim? tümcesinde söyleyen sözcüğü ortaçtır.


● Bastığın yerleri "toprak" diyerek geçme, tanı! ● Gelecek yıl işe başlayacak. ● Haşladıktan sonra, suyu iyice süzülmüş sebzeleri kâseye boşaltıyoruz. ● Okuldan sonra koşar adım yanıma geldi. ● Polisler olası kazaları önlemek için kontrolü sağlıyorlardı. ● Salonda hep bildik yüzler vardı. ● ağlamaklı çocuk (-mekli, -meli ekinin değişikliğe uğramış hâlidir)


Past passive participles için her zaman perfective fiil kullanılır. İngilizce anlam karşılığı -ed ile biten sıfatlardır.


  1. Most verbs in -ать/-ять, ‐еть ⇒ verb in the past tense ⇒ remove the -л ⇒ add (нн) + adjective ending (-ый, -ая, -ое, -ые) ● прочит[а́ть] ⇒ прочита́-[л] + (нн) + -ый → прочи́та(нн)ый → which was read → okunmuş ● напис[а́ть] ⇒ написа́-[л] + (нн) + -ый → напи́са(нн)ый → written → yazılmış ● уви́д[еть] ⇒ уви́де-[л] + (нн) + -ый → уви́де(нн)ый → seen → görülmüş ● потер[-ять] ⇒ потеря-[л] + (нн) + -ый → потеря(нн)ый → who\which was lost → kaybolmuş ● просмотр[-еть] → просмотре-[л] + (нн) + -ый → просмотре(нн)ый → which was looked through → gözden geçirilmiş

  • if the stress is in the last syllable of the infinitive then stress shifts back one syllable for the participle
  • to say “by someone” we use instrumental case without any preposition.
  • like other adjectives participles do need to agree with the nouns that they modify, even if that noun is in another clause.
  • like the adjectives participles can also come right before the noun.

  1. Most verbs in -ить; verbs is -сти/-зти, ‐cть, ‐чь 2.1. -ить, -сти/-зти ⇒ take stem of (я) form ⇒ check the stress of the (Ты) form ⇒ ╣ if the stress of the (Ты) form is not on the ending, add -енн- + adjective ending (-ый, -ая, -ое, -ые) ╣ if the stress of the (Ты) form is on the ending, add -ённ- + adjective ending (-ый, -ая, -ое, -ые)

● купи́ть ⇒ stem of (я) form: купл-[ю́] ⇒ (Ты) form: ку́пишь ⇒ ку́пленный ● реши́ть ⇒ stem of (я) form: реш-[у́] ⇒ (Ты) form: реши́шь ⇒ решённый ● перевести́ ⇒ stem of (я) form: перевед-[у́] ⇒ (Ты) form: переведёшь ⇒ переведённый ● получить ⇒ stem of (я) form: получ-[у́] ⇒ (Ты) form: полу́чишь ⇒ полученный


2.2. ‐cть ⇒ take stem of (я) form ⇒ not concern with the stress of (Ты) form, just add -енн- + adjective ending (-ый, -ая, -ое, -ые) ● укра́сть ⇒ stem of (я) form: украд-[у́] ⇒ Future (Ты) form: украдёшь ⇒ укра́денный


2.3. ‐чь ⇒ stem of (Ты) form ⇒ add -ённ- + adjective ending (-ый, -ая, -ое, -ые) ● испе́чь ⇒ (Ты) form: испечёшь ⇒ испечённый


. Short Form: Just take away the ending of the adjective -ый -ая -ое -ые and use -Н instead of -НН to get a short form. Short participles in past are used to form the Passive voice


прочитать ⇒ || прочитан || прочитана || прочитано || прочитаны ||


  1. ‐уть, ‐ыть, ‐оть, ‐ереть, etc. ⇒ remove soft sign (ь) ⇒ add adjective ending (-ый, -ая, -ое, -ые) 3.1. ‐уть, ‐ыть, ‐оть, ‐ереть & monosyllabic verbs (and their prefixed compounds) -ить/-ыть, -еть ● закры́ть ⇒ закры́тый ● откры́ть ⇒ откры́тый ● замкну́ть ⇒ за́мкнутый ● запере́ть ⇒ за́пертый ● оде́ть ⇒ одéтый ● уби́ть ⇒ уби́тый ● вы́пить ⇒ вы́питый ● заня́ть ⇒ за́нятый

3.2. in –ать and –ять which have н or м in the conjugated form. ● нача́ть ⇒ на́чатый ● сня́ть ⇒ сня́тый ● взя́ть ⇒ взя́тый ● приня́ть ⇒ при́нятый


. Short Form: remove the adjective ending


  • закры́ть ⇒ закры́тый ⇒ закры́т (‐á, ‐о, ‐ы)

. The past passive participle, nitelediği isim üzerinde geçmişte hangi eylemin gerçekleştirildiğini belirtir. Genellikle ortaç tarafından nitelenen ismin özne olmadığı, doğrudan nesne olduğu который yan cümleciklerine karşılık gelir.


● стол, который сделали в Москве - the table that they made in Moscow ● стол сделанный в Москве - the table made in Moscow ● письмо, которое написали мне - the letter that they wrote me ● написанное мне письмо - the letter written to me


. Aynı zamanda ana fiil olarak hizmet ettiği tamamlanmış pasif (perfective passive) cümleler oluşturmak için de kullanılır. Perfective passive cümleler, elbette, halihazırda tamamlanmış olan eyleme atıfta bulunan pasif cümlelerdir.


● Стол сделали в Москве. - They made the table in Moscow. ● Стол сделан в Москве. - The table was made in Moscow. ● Телевизор уже включили. - They've already turned the TV on. ● Телевизор уже включён. - The TV is already on.


. Fiilin eyleminin devam ettiğini veya tekrarlanmakta olduğunu belirten tamamlanmamış edilgen (imperfective passive) cümleler, 3. şahıs kişisiz fiileri (Они) veya aşağıdaki gibi dönüşlü fiillerle oluşturulur:


● Столы делают в Москве. - They make tables in Moscow. ● Столы делаются в Москве. - The tables are made in Moscow.


Some Examples: ● машина, которую произвели в России. - the car that was produced in Russia. ● машина, произведённая в России. - the car produced in Russia. ● о сцене, которую описали в книге. - about the scene, which was described in the book. ● о сцене описанной в книге. - about the scene described in the book. ● Его вид озаботил ее. - His appearance worried her. ● Она была озабочена его видом. - She was worried by his appearance. ● Его чистота поразила ее. - His cleanliness shocked her. ● Она была поражена его чистотой. - She was shocked at his cleanliness.




[p. | past passive pf. masc. nom/acc inan sg.]


[p. | past passive pf. masc/neut gen sg. & masc. acc anim sg.]


[p. | past passive pf. masc/neut inst sg. & dat pl.]


[p. | past passive pf. masc/neut prep sg.]


[p. | past passive pf. masc/neut dat sg.]


[p. | past passive pf. neut. nom/acc sg.]


[p. | past passive pf. neut. nom/acc of ]


[p. | past passive pf. fem. nom. sg.]


[p. | past passive pf. fem. acc sg.]


[p. | past passive pf. fem. gen/dat/inst/prep sg.]


[p. | past passive pf. nom/acc inan pl.]


[p. | past passive pf. inst pl.]


[p. | past passive pf. gen/acc anim/prep pl.]




Take a look at these prefixes ⇒ в(о): in; into вз/вс/воз/вос: upwards; re- вы: outwards до: up to; until; addition; reach за: drop in; stop by; begin; beyond; closing из(о)/ис(о): ex-; out на: on; onto; too much; a lot of над(о): above не: not о/об(о): go around; encompassing; avoidance (о)без: without; take off; remove от(о): away from пере: across; re- под(о): approach; under; sub; sham; upwards пре: trans-; excess пред: pre- при: arrival; attachment про: through; past раз/рас: spread; reversal с(о): together; down from у: away, from




Accusative masc. anim ⇒ consonant + a || й ⇒ я || ь ⇒ я masc. inanim ⇒ Nom. = Acc. feminine ⇒ а ⇒ у || я ⇒ ю || ь ⇒ ь neuter ⇒ Nom. = Acc.


if future perfective stem ends in -д or -т ⇒ drop the -в ⇒ add only -дш ⇒ + adjective ending (-ий, -ая, -ее, -ие) [уйти́ → ушёл → ушедшее]
 

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